Presupposition in The Mystery and Thriller Film of “Escape from Pretoria”

Presupposition itself has been a cause of the diversity of interpretations since presupposition sticks to utterances, sometimes unsaid clearly, that will provide implied meanings based on the context that is being talked about. The purposes of the study are to investigate three major points: the kinds of presupposition, their functions, and the percentage of each presupposition in the mystery and thriller film script of “Escape from Pretoria” by Francis Annan. This research used a qualitative method to analyze the obtained data. The observation is also used to collect data in which data are obtained from film scripts. The writer applies Yule’s theory (1996) to analyze the presupposition kinds, Halliday’s theory (2003) to analyze p resupposition functions, and Subana’s formula to gain the percentage of each presupposition. As a result, there were 177 presuppositions obtained in the film script, with 166 existential presuppositions (93.8%), six factive presuppositions (3.4%), four lexical presuppositions (2.2%,) and one counterfactual presupposition (0.6%). From 177 presuppositions, the data were classified into 23 regulatory functions (13.0%), 2 interactional functions (1.1%), 57 representational functions (32.2%), 79 personal functions (44.6%), 1 imaginative function (0.6%), 4 instrumental functions (2.3%) and 11 heuristic functions (6.2%). Therefore, the dominant presupposition is existential, and the dominant function of presupposition is personal.


INTRODUCTION
Language users need to interact in social context; it means they have the capability to influence other people in conversation to establish and maintain the relationship. To detect many things in interaction, people usually use analytical devices in which analytical devices are the methods that are used to analyze the messages, meanings and assumptions which come from senders. Interactional meanings in communication are dealt with pragmatics. According to Yule (2010, p.3), "pragmatics deals with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker or a writer and interpreted by a listener or reader". Pragmatics is closely related to the utterances that either speakers say to listeners or the writers write through characters' utterances that try to deliver to the readers. Pragmatics is chosen in this research because pragmatics has run essential factor in communication since the language becomes a tool in human interaction to convey people's mind. Rizqy & Ardy (2020) summarize it discusses when people deliver something; it could be understood by other people in order to reach out successful communication. Therefore, people should know how to utilize the language and how people correlate the context and and the meaning in social interaction. The successful communication can occur when the senders send messages to receivers then the receivers give the right feedbacks. Clearly, the listeners or writers must be able to interpret meanings, catch the messages or values from those utterances, and exceedingly that utterances contain presupposition triggers. Presupposition influences the listeners or readers to get the meanings, messages or values or even ulterior motives in conversation either from scripts or direct conversations. Thus, pragmatics is dealing with presupposition too to meet comprehension of implied meanings that are conveyed by senders to receivers.
Having known implied meanings from implicit assumptions, people are supposed to know presupposition, kinds of presupposition and functions of presupposition. Hudson (2000, p.321) declares that "a presupposition is something assumed (presupposed) to be true in a sentence which asserts other information." Huang (2007, p.2) highlights that "one of the language studies in pragmatics is studying about an assumption, and that assumption is called presupposition". Verbs of sentences can propose the implied meanings of presupposition which suppose something of complete thought in sentences (Saeed, 2005). Moreover, Murillo & Yeh (2021) describe the importance of having known the presupposition; they also highlight the failure of rhetoric of the president's speech relating the presupposition, where he produced many inaccurate and vague utterances that impress the multiple presupposition and reflect the failure of his leadership. This is the reason why people must know the presupposition. People must deeply analyze their interlocutors' utterances before giving feedback, especially since utterances contain presupposition triggers. This also happens when people watch film where the presupposition sticks on that film in communication. Implicit assumptions from characters' utterances containing presupposition triggers cause many problems for viewers in catching the meanings, messages and values from the film in conversation.
Furthermore, people have difficulty concluding the critical perspectives in the film or even just outline the ulterior motives exceedingly in mystery and thriller film from characters' utterances which contains presupposition triggers. How viewers could understand the film, if they don't know the implied meanings from presupposition triggers in film. How viewers could convey and spread the positive vibes from the messages and values in film, if they don't know the contexts from characters' utterance which contains implicit assumptions in conversation. How viewers could understand the critical perspectives, if they don't know the ulterior motives from conversations in film. It happens because there is a lack of knowledge about the presupposition triggers and kinds of presupposition in every single conversation in the film. Therefore, they are unable to catch the meanings, messages, values as well as critical perspectives in the film.
Siahaan & Mubarak (2020) highlight there were 3 types of presupposition found in the Guardian news, namely existential presupposition, lexical presupposition and counterfactual presupposition. Kristy, Deliana & Harefa (2020) also found 6 types of presupposition were used in the character's utterances of the movie script. Thoyyibah (2017) reveals that the most frequently used presupposition trigger in both varieties of oral discourse was existential. Relatedly, Ambrosio Binalet, Ferrer, & Yang (2015) investigated the children' utterances which results the existential presupposition in higher percentage. Oktoma & Mardiyono (2013) found that there are 219 presuppositions which cover all kinds of presuppositions. Liang & Liu (2016) focus on the analysis how Hilary Clinton applied the presupposition trigger in her speeches to achieve her political campaign. They only found the words and meaning which deliver ambiguous presupposition.
Moreover, Setyowati & Lubis (2020) discovered the advertisements also presents several language functions: referential, emotive, conative, and poetic, but the advertisements they analyzed do not present any phatic and metalingual language functions.
The previous researchers didn't explain what the functions of kinds of presupposition that stuck on Guardian News, movie script, oral news and written online news discourse and short story.
Based on the reviewed literature, several gaps have been identified. They didn't explain the functions of language in which presupposition resided in those research objects; however, having known the language function is also necessary for language users since the function of language in general is used to state, to express, and to convey the ideas, feelings, facts or purposes to other people. Therefore, the study aims to analyze not only the kinds of presupposition, the meanings and the percentage, but also the language functiosn used in order to readers are able to find out more comprehension what speaker intend to deliver. Having known the language function of presupposition is also crucial to determine the rate of comprehension of viewers in watching the film.

The types of presupposition
Based on Yule (2006), there are 6 types of it which are based on the indicators of presupposition that depict probability of the presupposition itself. Existential presupposition is undertaken to the certain entities names existence in assumption which is taken on by speakers in form of noun phrase which is considered to be present. It refers to name of something.
Presupposition of existential can be in form of noun phrase or possessive constructions. Factive presupposition is considered to be true assumption that refers something because of the existence of verbs. Those verbs are "count", "make sense", "matter", "know", "regret", "realize", "be glad", "be sorry", "resent", "find out", "discover", "see", "notice", "be aware that" and "be proud that". Lexical presupposition uses words of "stop", "again" and "still". These words are taken to presuppose other meanings. This presupposition is unstated concept in which the speakers or writers present the assumption is able to act as if another meaning. Structural presupposition is closely dealt with certain structure uses. The structures themselves are associated with WH-question constructions. The assumption is presented in that structure which is necessarily true or considered as true by speakers or writers, then the listeners or readers get and perceive information from that statement in utterances or sentences. Non-factive presupposition is Not true assumption sticks on this presupposition that refers something because of the existence of verbs. Those verbs are "dream", "imagine" and "pretend". Counter-factual presupposition is presented either in the if-clause or not which presupposes something in only untrue utterance at the time of it. It is in contrast to the facts. It presupposes untrue information.

Language Functions
Arwood (2011) language functions allow language users to produce the cultural varieties, and they normally apply language to represent their values, needs, attentiveness, excitement, and desires. People generally know that functions of language is to share the information and to convey something; sometimes, they inform indirectly or directly; hence, they should have the ability to interpret the meaning in order to run the conversation (Armstrong & Ferguson, 2010). Similary, Setyowati & Lubis (2020) describe people basically know the reasons why they use language: to give and recieve the information. Ambrosio et al (2015) assume that children with their utterances use language to share facts and their comprehension of what they have obtained; therefore, it is categorized as informative language function. Halliday (2003) classifies several initial functions of language: regulatory means is undertaken to control of others' behavior in order to do something. It deals with commanding / persuading / requesting over other people to commit the things that speakers want/aim/wish toward listeners. Interactional means is concerned with relationship of social to develop or ease the interaction process in communication among people. It is aimed to relate or interact to other people. Representational is for exchanging the information or conveying the facts. It deals with relaying or requesting information. Personal is concerned with expression of personal matter of oneself to around the world. It could be expressing the feelings or emotions of people. It can depict the personal preference or identity. It can be used to state the facts or opinions or even speakers' reaction toward something. Imaginative is dealt with imagination or imagery system. It is used for creating the ideas or imagery worlds. It is also undertaken to tell the stories and fairy tales or even jokes. Instrumental is concerned with what people need. It is assumed to obtain something. It can be services or goods. It is used to express the preferences or choices to other people as well. Heuristic is dealing with question and answer. It is for exploring or learning the environment that is usually committed by children in using language. Thus, children use this language to gain knowledge which is basically about running commentary.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research used descriptive qualitative methods. McKinney (2013) stated "qualitative method presents the result of analysis in the form or words or produces descriptive data in the form of words written or spoken of the person. Data of research were derived from the utterances of characters and sentences of narrator's speech (narrator told something in the film, those speeches would be presented in sentences in the script) that contained presupposition triggers. The data source of research was from the mystery and thriller film script of "Escape from Pretoria" by Francis Annan. The film script was downloaded from the IMSDB. IMSDB stood for The Internet Movie Script Database which provided thousands of movie scripts freely.
The steps for collecting data were organized as follows. The writers downloaded the film and the script, watched the film thoroughly while paying close attention to narrator's speech and characters' utterances that contain presupposition triggers to find out some details of information to support the research, read and observed the kinds of presupposition which were based on Yule's theory that were derived from the character's utterances and sentences of narrator's speeches in that film which contained presupposition triggers, collected the selected potential data by noting down those data after observing the script. Continuously, the writers categorized the selected potential data to determine the kinds of presupposition by Yule's theory, then they interpreted the meanings and functions of presupposition which were based on Halliday's theory. After categorizing the kinds, describing the meaning, and having known the functions, the writers determined the dominant presupposition and dominant function of presupposition which were based on Subana's formula.
The writer used formula which was based on Subana's formula in which each type of both presupposition and function of presupposition would be presented in percentage. According to Subana (as cited in Oktoma & Mardiyono, 2013, p.79), "frequency of relative cumulative (FK rel) is frequency of cumulative (FK) per frequency of total (∑F) which is multiplied by 100%". FK rel = FK X 100 (∑F) From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "a round tip". It means that it presupposes to "a round tip" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "a round tip" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is personal. By reason of this presupposition deals with personal's opinion / reaction toward something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "a round tip". It means that it presupposes to "a round tip" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "a round tip" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is personal. By reason of this presupposition deals with personal's opinion / reaction toward something. From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "Tooth Fairy". It means that it presupposes to "Tooth Fairy" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "Tooth Fairy" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is imaginative. By reason of this presupposition is dealt with imagination or imagery system. "Tooth Fairy" describes the imagination world.
From above part of script, the presupposition triggers are "the ongoing struggle" and "racial discrimination". It means that it presupposes "the ongoing struggle" and "racial discrimination" as the names of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existences of entity of "the ongoing struggle" and "racial discrimination" which indicate noun phrases as presupposition triggers. The function of this presupposition is instrumental. By reason of this presupposition is concerned with what people need. It is assumed to obtain something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "my cells". It means that I exist and have cells. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is possessive construction right there as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is instrumental. By reason of this presupposition is concerned with what speaker needs. It is assumed to obtain something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "civilian clothes". It means that it presupposes to "civilian clothes" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "civilian clothes" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is instrumental. By reason of this presupposition is concerned with what speaker needs. It is assumed to obtain something. From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "Workshop key". It means that it presupposes to "Workshop key" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "Workshop key" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is instrumental. By reason of this presupposition is concerned with what speaker needs. It is assumed to obtain something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "drawing paper". It means that it presupposes to "drawing paper" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "drawing paper" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "white Mandelas". It means that it presupposes to "white Mandelas" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "white Mandelas" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.

Datum 12
"Is make a really complex key, then get it to reach a keyhole on the other side of a steel-panel, threeinch-thick iron door to which we have totally no access? -[00:31:24]", (Annan, 2020, p.149).
From above part of script, the presupposition triggers are "a really complex key", "the other side of a steel-panel" and "three-inch-thick iron door". It means that it presupposes to "a really complex key", "the other side of a steel-panel" and "three-inch-thick iron door" as the names of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there are the existences of entity of "a really complex key", "the other side of a steel-panel" and "three-inch-thick iron door" which indicate noun phrases as presupposition triggers. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "her visa". It means that she exists and has visa. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is possessive construction right there as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "your son". It means that you exist and have son. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is possessive construction right there as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "the movie closet". It means that it presupposes to "the movie closet" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "the movie closet" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "some sort of auditory problem". It means that it presupposes to "some sort of auditory problem" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "some sort of auditory problem" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "the little housewife". It means that it presupposes to "the little housewife" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "the little housewife" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "my conscience". It means that I exist and have conscience. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is possessive construction right there as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic.
By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "white South Africans". It means that it presupposes to "white South Africans" as the name of entity. The kind of this presupposition is existential because there is the existence of entity of "white South Africans" which indicates noun phrase as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic. By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "know". It means that he is sick. The kind of this presupposition is factive because there is existence of "know" verb as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is representational. By reason of this presupposition states information.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "saw". It means that he's not on garden duty. The kind of this presupposition is factive because there is existence of "saw" verb as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is representational. By reason of this presupposition states information.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "know". It means that the look is very intense. The kind of this presupposition is factive because there is existence of "know" verb as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is personal. By reason of this presupposition deals with personal's opinion / reaction toward something. From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "matter". It means that if it's 100.
The kind of this presupposition is factive because there is existence of "matter" verb as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is personal. By reason of this presupposition deals with personal's opinion / reaction toward something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "know". It means that decision to fly flag from behind prison bars. The kind of this presupposition is factive because there is existence of "know" verb as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is personal. By reason of this presupposition deals with personal's opinion / reaction toward something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "know". It means that anything short of escape is a pact with the devil. The kind of this presupposition is factive because there is existence of "know" verb as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is personal. By reason of this presupposition deals with personal's opinion / reaction toward something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "again". It means that those people did the same thing before. The kind of this presupposition is lexical because there is existence of "again" word as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is regulatory. By reason of this presupposition deals with requesting over other person to do something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "Stop". It means that that person shouted before. The kind of this presupposition is lexical because there is existence of "Stop" word as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is regulatory. By reason of this presupposition deals with requesting over other person to do something.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "again". It means that they rejected the same thing before. The kind of this presupposition is lexical because there is existence of "again" word as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is representational. By reason of this presupposition states information.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "still". It means that you were in charge of the movie closet before. The kind of this presupposition is lexical because there is existence of "still" word as presupposition trigger. The function of this presupposition is heuristic.
By reason of this presupposition is dealing with question and answer. Question mark indicates the speaker asks something to the interlocutor.
From above part of script, the presupposition trigger is "wishes". It means that you are unhappy for fifth wedding anniversary because you are in prison. The kind of this presupposition is counterfactual because it presupposes something in contrast to the fact, "wishes" word presupposes untrue information. The function of this presupposition is representational. By reason of the speaker in sentence tells to interlocutor information, so there is transfer of information from speaker to interlocutor. to readers can be called as a language function. Implied meaning from presupposition also has a purpose which depicts something in implicit assumption. Language function of presupposition determines the rate of comprehension of viewers in watching the film. Moreover, utterances of characters are not stated clearly in the conversation, in the same time that film contains mystery that will cause double concentration. Thus, it can be concluded that the rate of comprehension in watching film is influenced by the rate of understanding the language function, especially the function of presupposition that follows to influence the viewers in watching the film. Haliday (2013) agrees heuristic language function focuses on question and answer. It is for exploring or learning the environment that is usually committed by people in using language. The utterances in the script are led by heuristic language function that have intensity on question and answer. In contrast, Susianthi, Muliawan, & Suarjaya (2021) assume that language function will vary depending on the context; the found the interactional language function is the leading expression employed during conversation.

CONCLUSION
From the research purposes, the conclusion can be described that the film script of 'escape from Pretoria' delivers many presuppositions: existential, factive, lexical, counterfactual which presupposition of existential places the most dominant one. However, the scripts do not present any structural and non-factive presupposition. Furthermore, the scripts present 6 language functions: regulatory, representational, petsonal, imaginative, instrumental, and heuristic. The dominant language function found is heuristic; it could be expressing question and answer. It can also depict the personal preference or identity; it can be used to state the facts or opinions or even speakers' reaction toward something. The research relates not only the types and meaning of presupposition but also the use of language functions. Relating presuppositions with language functions is necessary to do since each purpose of what speakers say to listeners or what writers wrote to readers should be brief in communication. In addition, the writers extend more why the language users use language: to deliver messages in communication in order to meet their purposes, to state, and to convey the ideas, feelings, facts or purposes to other people or reader. Moreover, the research can be further expanded by distinctive other theory, methodology and data source.