Code Mixing Usage in Imperfect: Karier, Cinta & Timbangan Movie Directed By Ernest Prakarsa

The objective of this study was to analyze the types, factors, and functions of code-mixing in the movie Imperfect: Karier, Cinta Timbangan directed by Ernest Prakasa. The study uses the descriptive qualitative method. The subject data is taken from the utterances of dialogue on each person in the movie and the object data is taken from the main characters. As a novelty, the study shows theoretical contribution by exploring types, factors, and the function of code-mixing in the movie. This type is determined by the mixing between inter sentential and Intra lexical mixing. This has not been studied in previous research. While the other research studies common types of code-mixing, they ware insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. So, why the authors need to obtain this research because they contribute to adding a new understanding in code-mixing. The result of this study showed that the most widely used type of code-mixing was inter-sentential mixing. The most widely used code-mixing factors are domicile and conversation time. Meanwhile, the most widely used code-mixing function is repetition. The implications of this research are in the form of the preparation of a Learning Implementation Plan (RPP). Inter sentential, intra-lexical, code-mixing research in the film Imperfect: Career, Love Scales directed by Ernest Prakasa will be implied in English courses. Implications will be carried out at the Bina Sarana Informatika university level in English drama courses about analyzing the content and language of the plays read or watched. This is done by demonstrating a drama and paying attention to the content and language. Keywords: inter-sentential, intra-lexical, code-mixing.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesian people who mix Bahasa (as a mother tongue) and English language are particularly to address that they capable of using English and inevitable to use familiar English words that there is no comparison. Study in his book states "a language is a set of signals by which we communicate" (Todd, 1987, p.6). (Puspitasari & Dewanti, 2020, p.463) Stated "Switching from one language to another language is a common phenomenon because Indonesian speakers are bilinguals. The bilinguals' speakers often use both languages in the environment. They use more two or more languages, for example, Indonesian, English, or even their own local language in communication practices. Sometime they combine two different languages at the same time without changing the topic of conversation itself and the meaning can still be understood by listeners". No wonder if mixing Bahasa with another language, especially English when address, is considered a trend. Following this trend, people can easily find the phenomenon of mixing different languages out there and even they mix two languages when speaking without realizing it.
Also, the phenomenon of mixing two languages occurs in various mediums. It can be seen on social media, TV shows, movies, literature like the novel and short story, and many more. For example, on social media like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, people sometimes combine two languages when writing a caption for their content. Meanwhile, in movies and literature, mixing language usually can be seen in the dialogue.
"Linguistics is the systematic empirical study of language. Its principal concern is with the way we understand, acquire, and use language, both in spoken and in written form" (Allan, 2017, p.7). It means that to communicate, people need to understand language. The sound of language or how the letters pronounce is studied in linguistics. Besides, linguistics also studies the structure of language, including grammar, the form of the word, the pattern of a sentence, and many more that are going to be very useful in daily life. "Linguistics is concerned with developing theories that account for and explain the phenomena of language and language use" (McGregor, 2009, p.3). It indicates linguistics consists of theories that clarify everything that is related to language.
"Sociolinguistics is one of the field of macro linguistic that study about the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in multilingual community" (Wibowo et al., 2017, p.15). In other words, Sociolinguistics studies all phenomena of using language in a community, the relationship between language use and society. "Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used" (Holmes, 2013, p.1). It means that the social factor such as the relationship between people in a particular situation can influence the way people speak. Also, the why people say something such as when describing things, greeting someone, giving a compliment, and so on can be in different ways. Sumarsono states "Sociolinguistics is the study of language operations; its purpose is to show how the conventions of language use relate to other aspects of culture" (Silaban & Marpaung, 2020, p.4). It implies that culture has a key role in how the language is used. When people learn language in society, they also consciously or unconsciously learn the culture because language and culture are inseparable.
From the explanation above, it can be summarized that sociolinguistics is the study of all phenomena in using language in a society, including the relationship between language use and society. Sociolinguistics is a term in one of the branches of linguistics, macro linguistics, that consist of two fields, sociology and linguistics. Sociology studies about human behavior and how people interact with each other in social life. Meanwhile, linguistics is the study of language.
Moreover, every aspect in social life is also related which can be implied that sociolinguistics involves the norms and the attitude of using language.
Rosidy states "Code mixing is a situation when two or more language or varieties of a language are mixed in conversation" (Purba et al., 2018,p.62). In line with the definition, code mixing only changes the code and the topic conversation is still the same. "Code-mixing suggests the speaker is mixing up codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetents, whereas the switches are very well motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two codes" (Holmes, 2013, p.42). It means that people mix the language because they may don't know the exact word or phrase in their base language and then insert a word from other languages. Yee Ho explains "Code mixing is the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral/written text" (Farahsani et al., 2019, p.57). It can be said that the way people mix the language can be conveyed through oral and written.
Buckland states "Movie is the blend of picture, development, and sound is clearly something very secretive in its consequences for people, practically mystical, frequently portrayed as a sort of multiplying of life itself, a type of eternality, a perpetual and forever captivating mirror:" (Jimmi & Sidauruk, 2020, p.3). It signifies that movie is a combination of the movement of images and action that reflects real life or it can be an imaginary story that gives a lesson to people's life.
Arfani explains "Movie is a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement" (Kartika & Pangestu, 2019,p.55). It implies that a movie is a medium to cheer the audience through a story with motion images, sound system, and action to support it. Hornby explains "film is a story, etc. recorded as a set of moving pictures to be shown on television or at the cinema" (Anggraeni et al., 2019, p.3). It indicates movie or film is a recording of narration or story that is usually aired in theaters and is illustrated by acting.
The reasons for choosing movie and the characters inside as the object are the dialog containing data that can be analyzed. Sometimes movies are carried out by real life story. The characters in this movie also related and interested to be discussed and analyzed. Not many movies are made by one native language, particularly in Indonesia that use Bahasa as a mother tongue. Movie is considered as an alternative media to learn English language. Although finding the English language as the primary dialogue in Indonesian movies is rare, many of them that mix with English in the dialog. People can learn some English vocabulary and phrases in the dialogue spoken by the actors in the movie. This phenomenon of combining two different languages and mixing them at the same time is called code mixing. Code mixing is studied in Linguistics, specifically in Sociolinguistics. In fact that movie is interesting to be explored linguistically, previous study has been discussed the area of women's speech and social context through movie entitled "Ever After (A Cinderella Story)", (Ayu & Dian, 2022, p.131).
The novelty of this research is to contribute by exploring the types, factors and functions of mixing code through movie dialogue that have not been explored in depth in previous research.
The study contributed as a novelty in previous research analyzing code mixing. There are two articles that have not been studied deeply about the type, factors, and functions of code mixing.
The first article is English as a Threat to Middle Class People in Rural Java: Proof of Mixing Code written by ( (Rohmani & Setiawan, 2021), p.177) they concluded that the phenomenon of Javanese and English code switching occurs among the lower middle class. It happens due to several factors; The subject wants to make sure that the interlocutor understands what the speaker means and that some English words are a trend to be spoken and adapted on social media. In this study did not conduct in-depth research on the types, factors, and functions of mixing code, but only discussed about the phenomenon of Javanese and English code switching that occurs among the lower middle class in rural Java occurs due to several factors. Furthermore, in the second article Indonesian-English Code Switching used on pita's life YouTube channel written by (Heda & Ena, 2021, p.162), it says that "the researchers concluded that there are several reasons why speakers use code switches on their daily vlogs. They (1) talk about a particular topic; this reason is the most common reason found by researchers. (2) Interjection, the speaker uses interjection in English to show feeling surprised or something else. (3) Emphasize the message by switching languages. (4) classify the content of the speech, when the speaker feels that what he is saying is unclear and people cannot understand it directly, he redirects the content to another language to make it clearer. (5) Lack of vocabulary, when we speak, sometimes we can lose the words we want to say. The study did not conduct any in-depth research on the types, factors, and functions of code mixing, but specifically addressed Pita's Life's use of the YouTube platform. The authors emphasize on the social reasons and functions of the use of code-switching through language that speaks of objects.
From the explanation above, it can be summarized that sociolinguistics is the study of all phenomena in using language in a society, including the relationship between language use and society. Sociolinguistics is a term in one of the branches of linguistics, macro linguistics, that consist of two fields, sociology and linguistics. Sociology studies about human behavior and how people interact with each other in social life. Meanwhile, linguistics is the study of language.
Moreover, every aspect in social life is also related which can be implied that sociolinguistics involves the norms and the attitude of using language. Basically, the study gap starts from here, where previous research has shown the mixing of code in speaking ability. However, they have not demonstrated the type, factors, and functions of mixing code. That is why, the authors formulate limits on the scope of research as an important & novelty of this study to analyze the types, factors, and functions of code-mixing.

Types of Code Mixing
As Hoffman explains, there are three types of code mixing, intra sentential mixing, intra lexical code mixing, and involving pronunciation changes (switching occurs at the phonological level) (Ivan, 2021).
Intra Sentential mixing is a type of code mixing when a word, phrase, or clause is added in a sentence, both oral and written. For example: "Eh file yang di kasih Anto masih ada?", "Waduh gak ada, kemarin sudah aku delete." From conversation, the speaker uses Language as the dominant language and then mixes it with English words. Thus, those conversations are called intra-sentential code mixing because they add words in sentences.
Intra lexical code mixing occurs when there is a suffix or prefix within the word boundary.
Tapi aku lebih suka nge-play lagunya di Spotify." The dialogue has shown that there is an additional prefix Indonesian (di) in-word upload which is an English word. On speaker B, there is an additional prefix Indonesian (nge). Therefore, this is called Intra-lexical code mixing. Involves changes in pronunciation: This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level when the speaker modifies the pronunciation of a word from a foreign language into the pronunciation of a native speaker. For example, the English word "standard" is pronounced "standar" in Indonesia.

Factor of Code Mixing
Some of the factors that will make people mix languages are code mixing factors. This factor occurs when the speaker has no knowledge of the words, phrases, or clauses in their language. Therefore, speakers tend to use code mixing to have a better understanding. For example: "Kapan terakhir treadmill ra?". In this utterance, the speaker inserts an English word because it's difficult to find equivalent word in Indonesian language. So, the speaker uses word treadmill.
Make the mixing factor of code a popular term that can be found in everyday life, whether a word or a phrase. This factor makes people more familiar with the term and they will use it in social life even though the popular term is in a foreign language. For example: "Followers kita banyak banget ". Follower becomes familiar term in society because almost all people use social media. Therefore, although this word has meaning "pengikut" in Indonesian language, people prefer to say follower. Then, "Bikin acara giveaway gitu lah." Giveaway becomes popular term especially in social media context where content creators give some things freely to their viewers or followers.
The next factor is the Character of the Speaker and the Speaker: Sometimes, the speaker will mix the language used for the listener intentionally. For example: "By the way nanti tuh kita kafenya backgroundnya warna putih jadi kalau bisa pakai baju jangan warna putih atau off white gitu nanti you know warnanya mati." Code mixing in this utterance because of the speaker's habit. He often mix the language almost in his dialogue in this movie.
Conversation Partner: This factor means mixing language while having a conversation depends on who the person is talking to, where the conversation is. In other words, they will mix languages when their partner has the same knowledge and background. For example: "Well, anyway berarti sekarang posisi marketing managernya lowong." The speaker mixes the language to her partner becasuse they are co-worker have the same knowledge about something.
Most scenes of this movie is in a company, so the speakers often insert English word or phrase that is related to their work.
Functions and Aim on the mixing factors of code in this communication cannot be separated.
Language functions will be used based on their purpose or purpose. Destinations such as greeting, asking, and offering something related to language functions. Therefore, the speaker will use the language according to the conditions and situations they want. For example: Then, "Lu gamau cobain pakai heels?". The speaker inserts English word because she is offering something and she expects her partner do something she offers. The speaker inserts English word because she is offering something and she expects her partner do something she offers.
Prestigious, several factors such as situation, address, or topic can cause the speaker to use code mixing. However, certain important events also make code mixing happen. For example: "Fokuslah! Crosscheck lagi masa angkanya cuma segitu sih.," and "Duh, kalian bisa gak sih merger aja? Isi kepalanya lu, casingnya dia." In this utterance, the speaker is a boss and he has the higher level. He is also surrounded by emlpoyees with high education. So, he inserts some English words in their speech. Most scenes of this movie are in a company, so the speakers often insert English word or phrase that is related to their work.

Functions of Code Mixing
Based on Marasigan in Adipratama, there are seven functions of code switching and code mixing (Masruroh & Rini, 2021, p.458).
Quotation: This function is used when the speaker wants to convince the hearer about what he says. In other words, the speaker restates the statement as a confirmation in order to make the hearer believe in them by references themselves directly or indirectly. Example: "Terus tadi dia juga bilang, coba aja kita berdua bisa merger. Isi kepalanya aku, tapi casingnya Marsha". "Rara pernah cerita. Dulu dia insecure". The speaker restates someone's utterance to convince and make the listener believe that the statement is a fact.
Repetition: Repetition has the function to clarify the statement or emphasize a message by restated in other languages. Therefore, the aim of this function is to make the listener understands the message clearer. Example: "Itu namanya body shaming, mempermalukan tubuh orang lain". "Easy, gampang banget guys". The speaker explains the English word by restating with Indonesian language to make the listener understands the message clearer.
Interjection: Interjection is usually used to express strong emotional feelings. Interjection occurs with the shift of the conversation from the "we" to "they" code or from the "they" to the "we" code. It can be said that the speakers use interjection to switch and mix the code. Example: "Look, perubahan kamu udah sedrastis ini masih aja insecure". The speaker uses the word look as an expression to make the partner pay attention to him.
Facility Expression: Facility expression happens when the speaker faces difficulty finding the equal word when having a conversation. Hence, the speaker feels unfamiliar with the language style. Example: "Kapan terakhir treadmill ra?". The speaker cannot find the equal word when having conversation. Therefore, the speaker uses English word.

Qualitative Approach
This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. This is one of the common methods of doing research. According to Tavakoli, descriptive research is similar to qualitative research in that it deals with naturally occurring phenomena, using data that can be collected directly or retrieved from existing data sources as data from other studies, student records, and so on, without intervention of an experiment or an artificially contrived treatment, (Fadillah & Parmawati, 2020, p.460) The purpose of the study is the movie and the subject is the dialogue of the main character.
The film was chosen to be observed because not many researchers analyzed it through movie. In addition, what makes the author interested in researching is that all the actors and actresses in this movie are Indonesian. Actors and actresses in this movie in their daily lives are role models of teenagers in terms of speaking and speaking words. Then the dialogue written by the scriptwriter is mostly in English and Bahasa. To collect data, authors download and watch movies. In addition, the author of the film's dialogue transcript. Then, the author watches the movie again to check the script. After that, the author collects the dialogue that contains the mixing of the code and inserts it into a table that has been classified or categorized based on the type, factor, and mixing function of the code. The final step is to write a discussion about the types, factors, and functions of code mixing. The research will focus on analyzing the types, factors and functions of code mixing.
From the results of the collection of dialogues that have been classified by type, factor and function of mixing code explained that 1 dialogue that has the mixing of code is then called into 1 data, if there are 2 dialogues then it is called 2 data and so on. For this type of code mixing, 55 data mixing between sentential, 14 intra lexical mixing data, and 5 data involving pronunciation changes. For code mixing factors the results showed 1 data limitations of code usage, 6 popular term data, 5 speaker and speaker character data, 6 conversation partner data, 8 domicile and conversation time data, 2 function and destination data, and 5 prestigious data. For the codemixing function, the results show 3 citation data, 4 repetition data, 1 interjection data, and 1 facility expression data. The authors summarize the data that has been owned based on the classification of the data itself to facilitate and focus researchers on the important things in explaining the reason the data is classified according to the type, factors and functions of code mixing. Therefore, in the process of collecting data researchers found some similarities of data that will be explained so that it becomes a focus in reducing data.

Inter Sentential and Intra Lexical Mixing
Inter sentential mixing and intra lexical mixing are type of code mixing when a word, a phrase, or a clause is inserted in a sentence or utterance. This is more tightly discussed about the type. Even more, many authors take theory from Muysken that code mixing is divided into three types, they are insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. Here, the authors try to elaborate the type of code-mixing from table below. There are differences between inter sentential mixing and intra lexical code. There is a difference between inter sentential mixing and intra lexical code. It even looks similar. Inter Sentential is a word that is entered without adding affixes. Meanwhile, Intra Lexical code is a word that is mostly added by affixes, either prefixes or word suffixes. Other writers have also researched code mixing in the movie Cek Toko Sebelah where there are two types: insertion and alternation. (Adrean, M., Daud, B., 2019, p.153).
In addition, there were author who analyzed code-mixing between Cantonese and English.
The research reported the using of pure Cantonese and low level of English. All the utterances deliberated into some categories; letters of alphabet which included letter names and acronym, short forms, proper nouns which included personal and impersonal names, lexical words, phrases, incomplete/minor sentences, single full sentences, and two-sentences units. (Woon & Ho, 2007, p.2).

Factor of Code Mixing
The factors of code-mixing have been shown as table below. The theory has taken from Rohati and Hidayat that code mixing factors are; Code Usage Limitation, this factor has limited the speaker to use other words or unknown words. Popular Term, the factor is used to display recent language socially. Speaker and speaker character, this is where the status of the speaker deploy their conversation from high class society level. Conversation Partner, this factor is influenced by one person from high status and another is from low status. Domicile and time of conversation, this factor is indicated that the persons are in a conversation either spoken or written.
Function and aim, this factor showed that the speaker wants to greet, ask, offer and other language function to the hearer. The last is prestigious, for some people use English can be categorized as an educated person. In the certain circumstance, inserted English spoken considered as an important topic or words to be highlighted. In the utterance number one which categorized as limitation, the speaker inserts a word treadmill because it is difficult to find equivalent word in Bahasa. The utterance number two is follower which becomes familiar term in society because almost people use social media. Rather than using pengikut, the speaker tends to be updated with popular term. The third utterance is categorized as speaker's habit. The actor often mixes the language to the entire dialog and he wants to change the situation from informal to a formal. The fourth utterance is indicated the same perception between two persons where both of them are in the equivalent job. The fifth utterance shows that function and aim of code-mixing appeal between two speakers. Here the speaker tends to have the same sitting in a table with the person being asked. Related factors of code mixing found no previous research that discussed or examined specifically about the factors of code mixing.

Function of Code Mixing
One of interesting variable that the authors point out is the function of code-mixing. There is no other author who reveals code-mixing from function's perspective. The authors use theory from Marasigan as stated by Adipratama in Masruroh and Rini. They elaborate the function as; quotation, repetition, interjection, and facility expression. The first utterance emphasizes that the speaker restates someone's utterance to convince and make the listeners believe that the statement is fact. The second utterance explains that repetition happened in the dialogue, Babe and remember. In this dialog, it doesn't only the same word has been repeated but also another word (mixing word) has been used frequently. When a dialog speaking in one sentence containing English words spoken by a character that it is indicated as repetition. The third utterance indicates that the speaker uses the word look as an expression to make the hearer pay attention to the speaker. Then, the fourth utterance, the speaker cannot find the equal word of treadmill when having a conversation. Therefore, the speaker uses English word.
Related function of code mixing found no previous research that discusses the function of code mixing at specifically.

Implications
The implications of this research are in the form of the preparation of a Learning Implementation Plan (RPP). Inter sentential, intra lexical, code-mixing research in the movie Imperfect: Career, Love & Scales directed by Ernest Prakasa will be implies in English courses.
Implications will be carried out at the Bina Sarana Informatika University level in English drama courses about analyzing the content and language of the plays read or watched. This is done by demonstrating a drama and paying attention to the content and language.

Limitations
This study has some limitations as follows: Discussion of the types of code mixing will only describe mixing code divided into three types, they are the insertion, switching, and quotation, repetition, interjection, and facility expression.

Recommendations
Researchers recommend using this research on English language learning at the Bina Sarana Informatika University level in English drama courses about analyzing the content and language of the plays read or watched. For further researchers who want to discuss similar research, it is expected to further expand the scope that will be discussed not only focused on the type, factors and functions of mixing code, but also other things related to mixing code. In addition, further researchers are also expected to explore more in-depth discussions that have been studied, especially those related to factors and functions of mixing code, so as to use the theory of several experts as a reference.

CONCLUSION
From the movie analysis, the authors obtains the use of code mixing. The results include the types of code mixing, the factors of code mixing, and the functions of code mixing. The writer does not point out the whole data because some of them have the same case or the same utterance to be exact. Therefore, the writer makes the result of the analysis clearer and more concise by eliminating repetitive words.
First, the authors find the types of code mixing specifically inter sentential mixing, intra lexical mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation. There are 74 data about the types of code mixing in this result. 55 data of inter sentential mixing, 14 data of intra lexical mixing, and 5 data of involving a change of pronunciation. It can be seen that this result is dominated by inter sentential mixing.
Second, the authors find the factors of code mixing such as code usage limitation, popular term, speaker and speaker character, conversation partner, domicile and time of conversation, function and aim, and prestigious. There are 33 data about the factors of code mixing. 1 data of code usage limitation, 6 data of popular term, 5 data of speaker and speaker character, 6 data of conversation partner, 8 data of domicile and time of conversation, 2 data of function and aim, and 5 data of prestigious. It can be seen that this result is dominated by domicile and time of conversation.
The last, the authors find the functions of code mixing namely quotation, repetition, interjection, and facility expression. There are 9 data about the functions of code mixing. 3 data of quotation, 4 data of repetition, 1 data of interjection, and 1 data of facility expression. It can be seen that this result is dominated by repetition.