Netizens’ Responses towards the Covid-19 Pandemic Text: A Study of Speech Acts and Their Contents

The case of increasing the corona-virus cluster circulating on social media has reaped various responses from netizens. The research objectives: (1) Determine the form of speech acts in netizens’ responses towards the Covid-19 pandemic text (2) Describe the content in netizens’ responses towards the Covid-19 pandemic text. The research data are in the form of sentences (speech acts) and sentences containing the substance or content of the netizens’ responses. Data sources are as many as 180 netizens’ responses on Instagram and Facebook. The data are collected by reading and taking notes of techniques. The method of data analysis is using a distribution method which is dividing the elements directly and the equivalent method with pragmatic techniques. The results: First, speech acts in netizens’ responses as locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. Second, the content responses from netizens. i. optimistic ii. pessimistic iii. neutral.Keywords: Netizens Response, Covid-19, Speech act, Content


INTRODUCTION
The coronavirus  has spread throughout the world, one of the countries is Indonesia as a global pandemic. In this 7 month period, cases in Indonesia on September 20, 2020, recorded 244,676 positive infections Covid-19 with the addition of 3,989 new cases reduced by the number of recovered patients reaching 177,327 people and cases of death reaching 9,553 people (Fanani, 2020). The increase in the number of positive cases of the coronavirus is caused by several factors, namely the massive inspection tests, the easing of large-scale social restrictions (PSBB), and not complying with the health protocol Covid-19.
According to Deni Kurniadi as the Epidemilog from Padjajaran University (in Lumbanrau, 2020), the cause of the increase in positive cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia is due to government regulations in implementing socialization that do not have a real, planned, measurable and evaluable program. To reduce the number of positive cases of Covid-19, various accounts on social media share information regarding the handling of the coronavirus, the development of the number of infected cases, and cases that have occurred through government and private accounts.
The existence of social media, netizens make it easy to communicate directly in the form of commenting on the information presented in the informant's account. The presence of social media provides freedom for netizens to express, interact, and communicate (Inderasari et al., 2019). The occurrence of interaction and communication in social media is not time-bound, everyone can be actively involved in it (Watie, 2011). This condition makes each individual have the opportunity to access various information.
In this case, the development of Covid-19 which is shared through accounts on Instagram and Facebook, both government and private, has reaped a response from the netizens. between netizens in the comments column. For example: Quoted from the Instagram account @lambe turah regarding the circulation of the patient's family video is not accepting that the patient died due to being infected with the coronavirus   Illocutionary speech acts in the research of Wahyuni, Retnowaty, & Ratnawati (2018), Fakhriyah (2020), and Miranti (2013) have not touched on the problem of response content in social media. Sekarsany, Damaryanti, & Suparman's (2020) research which focuses on 3 types of illocutionary speech acts, namely: assertive with stating, mentioning, suggesting, and being proud. Directive with ordering, ordering, prohibiting, and convincing. Expressive with apologies, say hello, and praise. Surianti, Akhir, & Nojeng (2019), the results regarding the media for delivering social messages in public service advertisements include representative speech with the verb inviting, say, and tell. Directive speech with the verb command, bill, and order. Expressive speech with verb congratulate. Commissive speech with verb threatening and offering. Declaration with verb prohibits.
Research on illocutionary speech acts was conducted by Meirisa, Rashid, & Murtadho (2017) and Nasution & Efrima (2019). The results consisted of four categories of illocutionary speech acts including assertive, directive, commissive, and expressive. Azizah (2020) examines the speech act of the caption on Ridwan Kamil's Instagram, which includes speech acts that focus on four utterances, namely: Directive ordering and giving advice, expressive illocution of thanks, assertive illocutionary showing, and commissive illocution offering.
The speech context of the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) is a new study, because previous studies have never existed. It is especially study on social media, namely Instagram and Facebook. There is a novelty in the context of the study. Wargnet as a language speaker who is responsive to the problems of life in Indonesian society. Therefore, there is something new in the lexical field, namely the emergence of new lexical forms.
Optimistic, pessimistic, and neutral lexical content are the same locus. The presence of a new lexical is with optimistic content as a positive response, for example: in the form of submitting to the data (23). Meanwhile, those is with pessimistic content as a negative response, for example: manifested distrust of the Covid-19 handling system. Furthermore, those is with neutral content as a response to impartiality, pay attention to data (24).
The study based on Saerle's theory is in line with Tarigan (2009: 45) and Prayitno (2017: 49) to analyze speech acts with the content of netizens is an illocutionary speech act theory. In accordance with the following understanding, speech acts as a speech whose function is to inform something or do something (Surianti et all, 2019). Speech act is categorized as three types of action which are manifested in the form of (1) locutionary acts as the act of something.
(2) illocutionary acts as the act of doing something. (

RESEARCH METHOD
The type of descriptive qualitative research. The research data are in the form of sentences (speech acts) and sentences containing the substance or content of the netizens' responses. Data sources are as many as 180 netizens' responses on Instagram and Facebook.
The data are collected with reading and taking note techniques. Method of data analysis are using a distribution method which is dividing the elements directly and the equivalent method with pragmatic techniques (Sudaryanto, 2015). The results of presenting the analysis are in the form of descriptive explanations.

Netizens' Responses towards Covid-19 with A Speech That Provided 'Information about the Swab Test'.
Look at the quote below.
Context of dr.tirta -1. The price for the independent swab test was decided to be a max IDR 900,000 (previously on IG TV I shouted there was no top price, the previous price was 1.5-2.3 million, the price dropped slightly -.-) If the result is negative, it still pays independent. So the price IDR 900,000 is still an expensive for people whose salaries are regional minimum wage.
Hopefully there will be a subsidy for people who are underpaid 2. There is another statement: Ordering the truth is form reveals a hidden truth.
Locutionary speech acts are responses by citizens in the form of declarative by providing swab test information, interrogative by asking the clarity of vaccine administration, and imperative by asking the truth of the infected community toward Covid-19.

Netizens' Illocutionary Acts toward the Covid-19 Pandemic
Illocutionary acts are categorized based on their form representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative responses.

Representative Responses
There are five netizen responses toward Covid-19 which are representative types.

Expressing Opinion
Context of dr.tirta -Sit on the floor first. Tuk tang tuk tang tuk tang.
(4) "Mohon imbangi dikit postingannya sama orang orang yang pada g bisa makan mau byar kontrakan g bisa pusing mikirin kluarga dll.... biar imbang aj ini mah kan dokter udh jd publik figur atau infuencer ktanya..." (Please be balance a little posting with people who unable to eat which cannot to rent rented, getting dizzy thinking about family, etc. So that this is balanced, doctor is already a public figure or an infuser, he said) Data (4) as representative responses TT Illocutionary states expressing opinion. The marker of TT above is marked by "g bisa makan". In this context, O1 expressed opinion to O2, because O1 wanted a balance of O2 posts between the affected communities including street vendors, online vehicles, motorbike taxis, public transportation drivers, street sweepers, and workers who were dismissed and rear guard including doctors, nurses, and medical personnel.
TT above in the data with the markers "g bisa makan" is a sympathy for O1. While, the word "doctor" in data (4) is a form of greeting based on social status.

Notifying Conditions
Context of lambe_turah -Jakarta is Large-scale Social Restrictions... The Governor of DKI Data (5) as representative responses TT Illocutionary states notifying conditions. The marker of TT above is marked with "beneran ada". In this context, O1 informed O2, because some people did not believe in the coronavirus (Covid-19), even they did not comply with health protocols in carrying out their daily activities. TT in the data above with the marker "beneran ada" is a statement to convince netizens to take precautions in the midst of a coronavirus outbreak that actually exists.

Providing Suggestions
Context of Kemenkes_ri -Hi #Healthies. My mask protects you, your mask protects me. These are messages from Athletes your favorite so that we can stop the spread of COVID-19 together with #Donotslackoff #AlwaysUseMask. Let's be disciplined #UniteAgainstCovid19 #AlwaysUseMask.

Journal of Pragmatics Research
Vol. day. TT in the data above is marked as "Sebaiknnya" as providing suggestions to the government in reducing the increase in the number of cases and stopping the transmission of Covid-19 by always wearing a mask, keeping your distance, and not crowding the world.

Demanding
Context kemenkes_ri -Good morning #Healthies! The spirit of starting today's activities, don't forget to always wear your mask wherever and whenever you are. Because each of us can become a hero by protecting others. Take care of your health, cleanliness and the information you get. Greetings healthy! #fashionnovation.
(7) "Para pejabat pada pakai masker scuba sedangkan masyarakat dilarang pakai masker scuba? Kalau nyuruh masyarakat ganti jangan pakai scuba tuncukin dulu atau beri contoh." (Officials wear scuba masks. While, are societies prohibited from wearing scuba masks? If you tell the community to replace, don't use scuba. Show first or give an example.) Data (7) as representative responses TT Illocutionary states demanding. The marker of TT above is marked with "dilarang". In this context, O1 demands O2, because the use of scuba masks that are not allowed to be used by the government but are still used in use, one of which is a photo in the context post above in running sports that still use scuba masks. TT in data above with the marker "dilarang"as a form of netizens' demanding to the government on the policy of prohibiting the use of scuba masks.

Suspecting
Context indotoday -The best president in the world, in dealing with the corona outbreak. You agree, Jokowi invites a number of artists to the palace! Covid-19 for the Indonesian people. TT in the data above is marked with "diminta" as an effort to educate the public to make them aware of the importance of using masks in protecting themselves in the midst of a pandemic.

Directive Responses
There are two netizen responses toward Covid-19 which are directive types.  (9) as directive responses TT Illocutionary states inviting. The marker of TT above is marked with "bantu". In this context, O1 invites O2, because it is a way to assist the government in breaking the chain of spreading the coronavirus. TT in the data above is marked with "bantu" as an effort to care for netizens in handling the Covid-19 pandemic by providing a statement by maintaining health and complying with protocols.

Requesting
Context of aniesbaswedan -COVID-19 Social Assistance Phase 7 at @dkijakarta. Since last Tuesday (15/9), the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government has synergized with the Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs to begin distributing Phase 7 social assistance (Bansos) to homes of 2.4 million poor and vulnerable families affected by COVID-19, both DKI KTP or KTP Non DKI residing in Jakarta. Data (10) as directive responses TT Illocutionary states requesting. The marker of TT above is marked with "ganti". In this context, O1 asks O2, because netizens want to get help with things that make their needs met. TT in the data above is marked with "ganti" as a form of request for a new item of social assistance distribution.

Commissive Responses
There is netizen response towards Covid-19 which is commissive types.
Context of ganjar_purnowo -If there is sibling or friend who does not wear a mask, how do you remind him? Have you been denied or ignored? sebagai bentuk mematuhi protokol kesehatan.

Expressive Responses
There are four netizen responses towards Covid-19 which are expressive types.

Context of the Indonesian Ministry of Health -Indonesia is Committed to Increase Health
Innovation in Handling COVID-19.
(12) "Tetap semangat dan terus berpikir positif semoga pandemi ini cepat berakhir... terutama buat para medis pengorbanan kalian begitu luar biasa dan berjasa berada di garda paling depan semoga allah melindungi kalian Amin." (Keep it up and keep thinking positively, hopefully this pandemic will end quickly. Especially it is for the medics, your sacrifices are so extraordinary and are credited with being at the forefront. Hopefully Allah will protect you Amen.) Data (12) as expressive responses TT Illocutionary states providing support. The marker of TT above is marked with "semoga pandemi ini cepat berakhir" In this context, O1 provides O2 support, because middle medical services have made sacrifices in helping to recover patients even with simple facilities. TT in the data above is marked "semoga pandemi ini cepat berakhir" as a form of positive support to continue to survive in sacrificing services during the Covid-19 pandemic until the end of the pandemic.

Journal of Pragmatics Research
Vol. Data (13) as expressive responses TT Illocutionary states saying thank you. The matker of TT above is marked with "terima kasih". In this context, O1 thanks to O2, because O2's caring attitude towards Covid-19 patients was prioritized in terms of service. TT in the data above is marked "terima kasih" as a gratitude for the facilities provided in handling Covid-19.

Expressing Concerned
Context of kumparancom -Doctors provide various first aid when a corona patient is critical, one of which is Gamaras. Gamaras therapy is also undertaken by Loki -It , a corona patient in South Tangerang, is not his real name. In a day, Loki has to finish 13 bottles of Gamaras by infusion. Data (14) as expressive responses TT Illocutionary states expressing concerned. The marker of TT above is marked with "kasian pasiennya". In this context O1 expresses O2's concern, because the price of drugs cannot be reached by all levels of society to get the same opportunity for help. TT in the data above with the marker "kasian pasiennya" as a form of public concern over.

Criticizing
Context Data (21) as expressive responses TT Illocutionary states criticizing. The marker of TT above is marked with "aturan nggak jelas". In this context O1 criticizes O2, because the regulations in handling Covid-19 set by the government are encouraging and unclear. TT in the data above is marked with "aturan nggak jelas" as a decrease in the government's creativity in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic.

Declarative Responses
There is netizen response towards Covid-19 which is declarative types.

Convey the Truth
Context kumparancom -Loki (not his real name), the corona patient who was treated in South Tangerang, was first admitted to the COVID-19 referral hospital on August 29. He, his wife, and their son contracted COVID-19. Loki and his wife were treated in the same hospital, while their son was treated in DKI Jakarta. "It turned out that Loki received a receipt from the hospital

Journal of Pragmatics Research
Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.177-200 E-ISSN: 2656-8020 Website: http://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/index 191 on 18 September. Their son was also given information that the hospital could receive replacement costs from the government. However, the patient must first pay the costs to the hospital and then to be refunded to the government. In total Loki's bill until 18 September was IDR 584,551,066.
(16) "Tante saya covid malah bayar pake asuransi kantor, aneh bgt dah sistem pemerintahan skrg, ga terbuka dan gajelasss." (My aunt is infected with Covid paid for using office insurance, it's really strange that the current government system is not open minded and not clear.) Data (16) as declarative responses TT Illocutionary states convey the truth. The marker of TT above is marked with "ga terbuka dan gajelas". In this context, O1 conveys the truth of O2, because government policies and hospital service techniques like this do not consider the quality, quality, cost efficiency and sustainability of Covid-19 patients. TT in the data above with the markers "ga terbuka dan gajelas" is the reality of policies and regulations that consider transparency in handling Covid-19.
Illocutionary speech acts are responses by citizens in the form of representative by expressing opinion, notifying conditions, providing suggestion, demanding, and suspect, directive by inviting and requesting, commissive by giving appointment, expressive by providing support, saying thank you, expressing concerned, criticizing, and declarative by convey the truth.

Netizens' Perlocutionary Acts towards the Covid-19 Pandemic
Illocutionary acts are categorized based on their form representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative responses.

Express anxiety
Context of dr.tirta -Who needs a job and need money. You can register. Just help spread out.
Then get money. It is advantage. It is Very helpful. Don't pick me up ndaaaan! I am a good citizen. Just forgot to use drx king mirrors. Freedom of speech!!!!! (17) "Ketika omongan influencer lebih dipercaya dibanding yang berpengalaman." (When the influencer talk is more trusted than experienced people.) Netizens mean in data (17) "personal anxiety" about the "Covid-19 education system".
The Covid-19 education system IS entrusted to influencers so that health workers were underestimated. The effect is that the community does not respect these actions.

Directive Response
Waiting for Clarity Netizens mean the data (18) "awaiting clarity on the end of the Covid-19 pandemic".
When is the 'happy ending of the plague'? The effect is that the lives of netizens are uncomfortable, because they do not know where the disaster will end.

Commissive Response Committed
Context of dr.tirta -Morning breakfast with meat, bosqueee. 7 months in the field, the evidence is in my brain. As long as I am alive, I will continue to share every day 10-14 posts that make you think. Instead of cultivating "the young who farm" but it finds catchy findings! A modern  Netizens means in the data (19) "not to blame the health workers" towards the anticorona necklace. The anti-corona necklace that is traded come from the bureaucracy instead of being certain that are concerned with the situation. The effect is that netizens has an issue with the bureaucratic system for handling Covid-19.

Praying
Context of indotoday -Doctors in West Sumatra built a laboratory to provide free swab testing services to the public. He is dr. Andani Eka Putra as the Head of the Diagnostic and Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, FK Andalas University. He is willing to spend his personal fund of IDR 850 million to build a laboratory for testing COVID-19 specimens. He called this for the independence of the nation and also for the benefit of the people.
(20) "Semoga yang penghasilan nya berlebih terketuk hatinya bisa ikut membantu membangun satu layanan gratis bagi warga tidak mampu ditiap kota indonesia seperti pak dokter aamiin." (Hopefully those with excess income will knock their hearts out to help build a free service for underprivileged residents in every city of Indonesia, such as Dr.Aamiin.) Wargenet means data (20) 'to say prayers for those who earn more. In effect, that person helps reduce problems to reduce the covid-19 cluster.

Content Responses in Netizens Illocutionary Acts
Content Response is content that contains information about information through social media. Response content by type includes optimistic, pessimistic, and neutral contents.

Optimistic Content
According to Shapiro (in Ghufron & Risnawati, 2011) states optimistic content is a belief in something positive in terms of having an attitude of hope for good things. This optimistic content functions as an expression of prayingThe optimistic content of the data is seen from the substance consisting invitation Based on the data above, the difference in optimistic content of the data (24) shows that netizens appeal which is indicated by the word "diharapkan" which is basically to reduce cases of infection. These data (25) serve as a detailed call to adhere to health protocols. Whereas data (26) returns the destiny of each individual that has been determined.

Pessimistic Content
Pessimistic Content is a belief that considers everything based on its basis as bad (Mangunhardjana, 1997).

Distrust of the System
Context Lambe_turah-A video of a patient's family was circulating with anger, because they did not accept the patient who was sentenced to the World Meningeal Hospital, because he was infected with the coronavirus (Covid-19).
(24) "Saya percaya COVID-19 itu ada, tapi saya tidak percaya bahwa data COVID-19 itu real adanya." (I believe COVID-19 exists, but I don't believe that COVID-19 data is real.) This pessimistic content functions as a trust bias. The pessimistic content of the data can be seen from the substance consisting of the fact that there is a virus, falsification of verifying patients. Based on the data above, differences in the pessimistic content of the data (28) indicate beliefs about Covid-19, but not in the form of informed numerical data.

Neutral Content
Neutral content is an impartial assumption between one another.

Free of Interest
Context Kemenkes_ri-Hi #Healthies. The government's efforts to control COVID-19 in anticipation of a surge in COVID-19 patients have been adequate, both from the human resources for health and the availability of patient isolation areas. The government continues to work hard to increase the cure rate for COVID-19 patients. The Minister of Health appealed to always adhere to health protocols and the participation of all parties, especially the role of the community and all sectors to discipline wearing masks, maintain distance and diligently wash hands with soap.
(25) "Berfikir positif tidak menyalahkan satu pihak atau pihak lain ttp semangat untuk pencegahan penularan covid 19 dan ttp bedoa, semoga bangsa kita Indonesia bangkit dan bisa maju smgttt bismillah." (Thinking positively does not blame one party or the other but the enthusiasm for preventing the transmission of Covid 19 and still pray, hopefully our nation Indonesia will rise and be able to move forward as well as bismillah.) Data (30) and (31) are responses from netizens in the form of neutral content. This neutral content functions as a form of conveying something without partiality. The neutral content of the data can be seen from the substance consisting of praying and carrying out worship. Based on the data above, the difference in data neutral content (31) shows that netizens do not corner any party by asking to pray to Allah SWT.
Content responses are response by citizens in the form of optimistic by surrender self, pessimistic by distrust of the system, and neutral by free of interest.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion, it is determined that the response of netizens on Instagram and Facebook accounts towards the Covid-19 pandemic: First, citizens respond to new phenomena, both stratified in the form of loucotionary act of giving statements, illocutionary act of stating something, and perlocutionary act an effect on self. Second, the content of the response from the netizen. I. optimistic ii. pessimistic iii. neutral. This can be used as a benchmark if netizens have speed and social responsibility in communicating in mass media.