Turn-Taking in Mata Najwa Talk Show Ragu-Ragu Perpu Episode: A Conversational Analysis

The present research aims to investigate the key features of turn taking in Mata Najwa talk show about Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of rules of law). In addition, the authors propose to describe the use of turn-taking features between speaker to listener in Mata Najwa talk show. Moreover, The authors utilize a qualitative research methodology by applying a descriptive analysis in the research. To collect the data, the authors select the specific types of turn-taking occured between. In analyzing the data, the authors implemented Jacob L. Mey analysis theory in which selected the types of turn-taking into several forms. For instance, taking the floor (starting up, taking over, interruption, and overlaps), holding the floor, and yielding the floor. The results indicated that the conversation between seven speakers during the talk show are dominated by interruptions and overlapping. It indicates that 24 utterences express the existance of interruptions, while 16 lucutors show the overlapping. Moreover, the speakers tend to use several strategies to hold the talk, including verbal fillers, silent pauses, and lexical repetitions. Within the context of Mata Najwa talk show program, the host of the Mata Najwa tends to apply greetings and questions in yielding the talk to the interlocutors. In conclusion, interruption and overlapping are the two features of turn-taking mostly occured during the conversation.


INTRODUCTION
Talk show is one of the interesting programs of a television station that explores further about a current issue in the social life. Within this context, it presents an in-depth discussion, occasionally followed by a debate, by presenting an individual or several people. Dealing with this, Edgerly, Gotlieb, & Vraga (2016) addressed that a talk show is mainly proposed to investigate an updated problem from several individuals' perspectives who correspond to the case. Employing a talk show program, people enable to convey any kind of information, ideas, critics, and experiences of a phenomenon regarding facts and opinions. Moreover, to build the orderliness in a talk show, a moderator is needed to lead the ongoing talks and divide the speech portion for each informant in delivering the information. Thus, the audiences may notice the different points of view between one speaker to another. Therefore, a talk show indicates an interactive conversation delivering a controversial problem or a personal thought.
Furthermore, the existence of talk show programs in Indonesia has been developed widely since the globalization era. It offers an opportunity to people in expressing their critical arguments about a debatable issue that occurred in a few regions in Indonesia. Also, this kind of TV program promotes an effective way to discover the huge opinions for both pro and contra values to meet the solution. Haqqu, Hastjarjo, & Slamet (2019) explained that the talk show is divided into two kinds in terms of its purposes: a serious discussion and entertainment. Notably, a serious discussion is emphasized on crucial topics to be considered, criticized, and solved. For instance, the government regulations, forest fires, president's election, and so forth. Hence, the stakeholders are willing to reconsider the undertaken decisions after listening to the notions from the speakers comprehensively. However, like entertainment talk show is more specified to speak about various casual information, such as experiences, jokes, and gossips. Comparing to the serious talk show, the talk show is more cheerful and more enjoyable that affects the audience's sense of entertainment. To conclude, both serious discussion and entertainment are beneficial to gain the information from the speakers about a certain topic of discussion.
In light of the importance of the talk show program, the TV stations in Indonesia have organized several talk show programs considering the objectives, either to clarify an issue or entertain the audiences. For instance, Mata Najwa, Indonesia Lawyers Club, Kick Andy, and Hitam Putih. From these talk show programs, Mata Najwa is one of the talk shows aired by Trans 7 that still exists from 2009 to present. Moreover, it reveals many problems in Indonesia in terms of politics, social, culture, and defense. In general, several informants will be gathered to offer a response and a suggestion regarding the issue in the episode. Furthermore, to engage the audiences' attention during the talk show program, Najwa Shihab as the host of Mata Najwa presents two different perspectives between pro and contra sides. Then, each speaker initiates to speak up about what he/she believes in.
Consequently, the presence of Mata Najwa talk show in the TV program may trigger many responses from the audiences, whether agree or disagree with the speakers' views. Those people who agree with the conclusion of Mata Najwa episode extend their positive responses through social media, including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram as well. Hayat, Juliana, & Umber (2015) seemed to indicate that the political talk show can develop the young generation's awareness about political issues and enrich their knowledge of the political process.
Nonetheless, the individuals show negative responses when the results of the discussion possess a distinct point with them. As explained by Gautam (2015) the audiences who contradict the latest information from the program host tend to confirm that the outcomes of the talk show seem bias or incorrect. For instance, one of the controversial decrees issued by the house of the Indonesian representative has caused disparate arguments from the general public, academics, and government officials as well. Even, groups of people appeared hashtags #KitaKPK (We are the Corruption Eradication Commission) and #ReformasidiKorupsi (the reform in corruption cases) as the proof of their supports towards what has been discussed in Mata Najwa.
Based on the linguistic view, the study of a conversational analysis seems relevant to conduct in the present research. The consideration of carrying out the research is based on several rationales. Firstly, it is the closest interaction between the host program and informant during the talk show. Likewise, it is related to how the informants respond to others who express the opposite meanings. Secondly, the conversational analysis contributes in the study of ongoing interaction between one speaker to the interlocutors. It aims to observe how an individual commits a communication process in a particular period. O'Reilly & Lester (2019) argued that a conversational analysis points to three components, which are exploring social activities, considering talk-in-interaction, and utilizing the theory of Jefferson in transcribing data. To be more specific, it is utilized to investigate the language performances in the communication, in terms of agreeing, rejecting, complaining, and so forth. Thus, the interlocutors understand the meaning of the conversation after obtaining the responses. Thirdly, a conversational analysis is intended to discover the natural talks and the formal discussion towards the human's life. For example, investigating the moment when the speaker produces overload information and interrupting the discussion. Trena M. Paulus et al (2018) asserted that a conversational analysis can be utilized to find out the flow of interaction in participating individuals in the conversation.
All of the phenomena in the conversation should be analyzed in-depth to measure a detailed output regarding how a person interacts with the interlocutors in organizing intonation and pauses. Therefore, researching a conversational analysis seems possible since the talk show of Mata Najwa appears to be the popular TV program in Indonesia.
To obtain the main data of the conversational analysis, the authors focus on perceiving the process of turn-taking in Mata Najwa talk show. This phenomenon is often found in everyday life when someone carries out a communication. For instance, talking about a particular topic to other fellows and then responding to the statements produced by the interlocutors. To confirm the meaning of turn-taking, Ghilzai (2015) noted that it is the process of role transition between speaker and interlocutor after each of them delivers the messages. Furthermore, everyone owns a similar opportunity to involve in the conversation, whether asserting opinions, disproving information, or responding talks. Besides,  suggested that predicting the answers from the speaker is very useful to prepare the proper responses in producing meaningful and fluent turn-taking. In consequence, people can enjoy the conversation through the process of turn-taking. Moreover, the talk show of Mata Najwa seems appealing to analyze because it consists of many interactions between the moderator and the informants and also between a speaker to another. To sump up, turn-taking is the major concern in the present research.
The existing studies confirm strong evidences that the issue of turn-taking remains a concerning topic to discuss in the conversational analysis. Some researchers have established the importance of turn-taking in a conversation. For instance, in research by Khoddamy Pour & Yazd (2015) turn-taking was believed as a gainful aspect to engage the participants in the communication process, decrease misunderstanding, and abstain from the humiliation. Within this context, Subiyanto (2017) pointed out that the utilization of the turn-taking process in the Indonesian language tends to alternate speakers repeatedly, take turns in communication, and more than one individual talk in a period. Despite the usefulness of turn-taking in boosting the conversation has been raised, it has not proceeded completely in classroom discussion because the the the students only acquired a small portion of talks comparing to the teacher's talk (Karasa, 2017) From the presented explanations, the authors intend to conduct research a conversational analysis to overcome the gaps by promoting the turn-taking process in the political talk show of Mata Najwa. Specifically, this research aims to investigate the key features of turn-taking in Mata Najwa talk show about Ragu-ragu Perpu (feeling doubtful towards the rules of law). Also, the authors propose to describe the use of turn-taking features between the speaker to the listener in Mata Najwa talk show. Finally, researching conversation analysis of turn-taking in Mata Najwa talk show especially in the episode of Ragu-ragu Perpu (feeling doubtful towards the rules of law) is interesting even it will be a novel issue in the Indonesian context.

RESEARCH METHOD
The authors utilized a qualitative research methodology in conducting the research. As explained by Ruark & Fielding-Miller (2016) a qualitative methodology is beneficial for the researchers to obtain the data comprehensively and produce an in-depth analysis. Further on, they can gain the detailed information by interpreting the data from observations (Rahman, 2016). Moreover, the research applied a descriptive analysis by identifying the conversation in Mata Najwa talk show. To find out the information of the turn-taking process, this research investigated the utterances delivered by six invited speakers and a moderator in the full episode of Ragu-ragu Perpu which provided by Narasi Newsroom YouTube channel. Another point to remember that the talk show was held on Thursday, October 5th, 2019 and consisted of four parts within different core points to discuss.
Besides, the research involved the process of collecting the data by selecting the types of turn-taking occurred between Najwa Shihab, Johnny G Platte, Arteria Dahlan, Supratman Adi Agtas, Prof. Emil Salim, Feri Amsari, and Jayadi Hana as well. Likewise, the authors carried out several stages to collect the data of the research. For instance, the authors started to download the video of Mata Najwa talk show with a duration of one hour for nineteen minutes.
Then, the video would be watched rigorously by noticing the way each speaker answered the questions from the moderator. Furthermore, the authors tried to transcribe all of the information included in the episode of Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of the rules of law). Therefore, the author divided the talks into several key terms of turn-taking to fulfill the objective of this research.
To analyze data, the research implemented Jacob L. Mey (2001) analysis theory in which selected the types of turn-taking into several forms. For instance, taking the floor (starting up, taking over, interruption, and overlaps), holding the floor, and yielding the floor. What is more, certain procedures were followed to specify what kind of turn-taking indicated in Mata Najwa talk show Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of the rules of law) episode in terms of marking the expressions, interpreting the codes, writing the findings, and concluding the results of turntaking that had been found in the conversation.

RESULTS &DISCUSSION
After analyzing the conversation in Mata Najwa talk show, particularly in the episode Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of the rule of law), the authors found several prominent points related to the key features of turn-taking. Moreover, providing markers on the sentences was utilized to simplify the process of data analysis. For instance, the symbol (//)was used for interruptions, the symbol ([ ]) for overlaps, the symbol (.) for small pauses, the symbol of ( ) for rise or fall for the intonation (Forrester, 2002). Also, the authors undertook the codes for the speakers who produced the utterences, such as Najwa Shihab (NS), Jhonny G Platter (G), Arteria Dahlan (A), Supratman Adi Agtas (SA), Prof Emil Salim (PE), Feri Amsari (FA), and Jayadi Hana (JH). Then, an investigation had resulted certain findings, as follow:

Key Features of Turn-taking
Based on the investigation of turn-taking process in Mata Najwa talk show, the result indicated that there were various kinds key features of turn-taking. Furthermore, the table below showed the number of each type of turn-taking. Yielding the floor a. Prompting (

Starting up
Within the context of turn-taking, the conversation in a talk show is normally opened by a moderator throughout a hesitant start or a clean start. Based on an in-depth analysis, Najwa Shihab utilized a clean start to initiate the talk show about a doubtful of the rule of law. For instances, it can be clearly seen from the excerpt 1 below. and Is it reasonable or not? Nonetheless, they did not mentioned yes/no answer towards the question, but they tended to carry on the conversation with the stated utterences, such as he apprehended and it is very reasonable. In conclusion, they attempted to present the information appropriately regarding the speaker's curiosity.

Interruptions
The process of turn-taking in Mata Najwa generated many interruptions between the speaker and the interlocutors. To establish this kind of turn-taking, the author discovered several parts of the conversation which contained the interruptions during the talk show. The following evidences might be looked at from the excerpt 5 and excerpt 6. interrupted the communication process when J paused the talk for awhile in the middle of delivering the ideas.

Overlapping
Overlapping was the ultimate kind of taking the floor analyzed in Mata Najwa talk show.
It happened when both of the speakers took the turn together in the same period. Importanly, the authors provided the example of overlapping throughout Excerpt 7. waiting the complete speaking. Also, overlapping was used to measure A's idea that should be clarified. Therefore, both of them spoke together in an equal period without pauses.

Holding the Floor
Holding the floor was the second strategy of the turn-taking process included in the episode of Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful the rule of law) which carried out in various terms. In this strategy, the speaker tended to keep the turn by utilizing small pause or filler, then holding back the talks. Furthermore, it was familiar to use a temporary pause in the middle of the conversation that commonly found in everday life. In order to clear up the analysis of holding the floor in Mata Najwa talk show, the authors presented some utterences that emerged during the communication process. It could be searched from the excerpt 8. Yeah, asking to the public is important thing. I think all of the speakers agree that the voices of public is prominent and we understand about pro and contra between them. eeee... but, the current phenomenon eeee.. is about a denial of the revision.
Based on the excerpt 8, the two speakers used small pauses to move to another point. In this situation, NS and JH holded their turns by pausing their talks for awhile throughout a particular utterence before continuing the speech. Moreover, it could be identified that both of them produced the similar kind of pause, eeee, which was prevalent in Indonesian context.
Comparing to the previous examples, the speakers limited themselves to interrupt when either NS or JH proposed an idea. Another evidence was illustrated in excerpt 9. The excerpt 9 revealed a different strategy to hold the talk. It seemed to indicate that the interlocutor did a repitition of the word impeached for three times in defining the facts.
Furthermore, it was administrated to convince the audiences about what to be conveyed.
Although some words were repeated for several times, the speaker still continued the talk.

Yielding the Floor
After discussing about taking the floor and holding the floor, the turn-taking process also

DISCUSSION
The process of turn-taking is one of the prominent aspects observed in conversational analysis that is closely related to human's life. It can commonly be investigated in speech, political debate, talk show, academic conference and even daily conversation (Ghilzai & Baloch, 2016). Unconsciously, people have implemented a number of strategies of turn-taking in their communication processes. In a conversation, the individuals sometimes attempt to organize the proper time to speak and to respond, while some others tend to interrupt in the middle of the conversations. As conseptualized by James L. Mey (2001), turn-taking can be identified throughout some key features, such as taking the floor, holding the floor, and also yielding the floor. Moreover, each of the type possesses a slight difference, but it owns a specific characteristic between one to another.
Furthermore, a conversation between two people or more is flowed very dynamic. It can be begun with a starting point throughout fillers and small pauses found in the early of speaking.
Moreover, to initiate the talk, an individual should give a signal to the listener as an acknowledgement. It aims to break the silences into the interactive communication. Koudenburg, Postmes, & Gordijn (2017) believed that the utilization of starting up can build a smooth social interaction to other people alhough some pauses occured. What is more, the communication is continued to take the portion of the talk from the speaker to the interlocutors.
This means that the interlocutor tends to offer the synchronous response regarding the questions asked. Importantly, based on the result, the research discovered that the starting up existed eleven times, while the taking over occured fourteen times in Mata Najwa talk show program.
It means that both speakers and interlocutors tend to adjust various strategies to start the conversation and respond the questions. By contrast, the research by Anwair (2016)  On the other side, the phenomenon of turn-taking often presented the overlapping in the ongoing interaction. It indicates when the speaker and the interlocutor talk together in a similar time without giving any opportunities to complete the speaking. Furthermore, Prihastuti & Yusuf (2019) reported that overlapping can be divided into two types, which are competitive overlapping and non-competitive overlapping. In its implementation, the competitive overlapping often shows the high volume of the speech with the lauder tone. Moreover, it is generally found before one of the speaker finish a talk. On the other hand, the non-competitive overlapping seems more polite rather than competitive overlapping because of no any willingness to compete the speaker's speech. In addition, Wells et al., (2019) informed that the overlapping generally is intended to convey several purposes, which are proposed to collaborate the ideas to the current speaker, represent the respectful to what individuals utter, and complete Episode are produced as competitive overlapping without any proper opportunity to take the turn. Also, it aims to collaborate the ideas between one speaker to other speakers.

CONCLUSION
By using James L. Mey theory, it can be concluded that the strategies of turn-taking in Mata Najwa pointed some evidences. Firstly, the conversation between seven speakers during the talk show are dominated by interruptions and overlapping. It indicates that 24 utterences express the existance of interruptions, while 16 lucutors show the overlapping. Based on a deeper analysis, the speakers interrupt the conversation because of some cases, such as a incompability ideas to another speaker and a curiosity to the next information. On the other hand , the overlapping mostly happens because another informant are willing to give a clarification to the current speaker's ideas.
Secondly, the speakers tend to use several strategies to hold the talk, including verbal fillers, silent pauses, and lexical repetitions. Majority of them utilize verbal fillers in the middle of the conversation, such as ya, eee, nah, tapi and so forth. These fillers is familiar with Indonesian context which commonly found in everyday interaction. Furthermore, they also repeat some words to keep their turn. For instance, dijatohkan (was inpeached), tidak mungkin (impossible), mengapa (why), and kami tau (we know). In the other words, the utilization of fillers and repetitions will facilitate the speakers to organize their speech. Thirdly, the process of turn-taking is related to how the speaker gives the opportunity to the interlocuter to take the turn. Within the context of Mata Najwa talk show program, the host of the Mata Najwa tends to apply greetings and questions in yielding the talk to the interlocutors.
Moreover, this descriptive qualitative research allows the other researchers to gain their knowledge about how to identify what kind of turn-taking occured within the conversation.
Likewise, it enhances the readers' competencies in understanding the turn-taking since the beginning part of the talks up to the end.