Code-switching and Code Mixing on Vlog: A Sociolinguistics Study

(English) This paper aims for identifying the type of codeswitching and codemixing found on the vlog and recognizing factors causing codeswitching and codemixing. The researchers take data from 14 vlogs of Nurul Taufik themed Jaamiah or Campus. Some steps done in doing the research including listening to the vlog, analysing, and reporting. The result shows that there are 20 data of codeswitching and 52 data of codemixing. All forms of codeswitching belong to extraneous in the form of sentences. Some factors causing code switching are including speakers, interlocutors, the presence of a third person and changes in the topic of discussion. In addition, the form of code mixing is extraneous codes in the form of words, phrases, baster, repetition of words, expressions, and clauses. The cause of codemixing is the speaker's desire to get the “right” expression, and the habits and relaxedness of the speech act participants in communicating.


INTRODUCTION
As an interaction device, language is a "genetic" communication tool exist in human being. 1 By mastering a language, a person can communicate for obtaining various information and knowledge through language.
In Indonesia, generally, people are familiar with three kind of languages including regional languages (performs each characteristic of each language), Indonesian languages (or Bahasa Indonesia) and foreign languages. Since Indonesian people can communicate using two or more languages, they are called as bilingualism. 2 For bilingual speakers who speaks bilingual language, they are very sensitive to the differences in both languages as they know that one language can be used better than another. 3 They often code-switch or code-mix from one language to another, especially when the languages are both used in their daily life. 4 Therefore, exploring bilingualism means also discussing about code-mixing and code switching. 5 Although some sholars defines code-mixing and code switching as the same term 6 , some sociolinguist proposes different perspective in explaining those terms. Richard and Schmid define code-mixing as a mixing of two codes or languages without a change of topic, while code switching means a change by a speaker from one language to another one because the othe speaker uses different language. 7 Apple explains that code switching is a shift in language use due to changing situation. 8 Suandi argues that code-switching can be classified into several types depend on the perspective. 9 There are six factors promoting code-switching including the speakers' factor, the interlocutor's factor, the presence of the third parties, the discourse changing, the sense of humor factor, and the prestige factor. 10 The phenomenon can be exemplified when two 1 I Nengah Suandi, Sosiolinguistik (Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2014). 2 PWJ Nababan, Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1993) Indonesian student study in a foreign country and use their mother tongue in their communication. The situation shifts when their friend with different language come and join them. Therefore, they change their language.
In addition, when a speaker master more than one language, code-mixing can occur accidentaly. The speakers speak and mix Indonesian and Arabic language, for example, when two Indonesian students in Saudi Arabia meet. Nababan explains that code-mixing occurs when a speaker mixes two languages or a variety of languages without any demanding situations. 11 Suandi proposes some factors causing code-switch and code-mix including similarity of mother tongue, desire for getting "fit" expression, and speakers' habit in daily-life communication. 12 Furthermore, bilinguals code-switching and code-mixing is for compensating their lack of language proficiency as they do not know the languages completely. 13 Therefore, as the matter of relaxation and habits, code-mix and code-switch happens. 14 There are several types of code switching and code-mixing. Hadi proposes three kinds including inter-sentential and intra-sentential (tag-switching). While inter-sentential code switching happens at sentence boundaries, intra-sentential code-switching occurs in the middle of a sentence with no interruption or hesitation. 15

METODOLOGI
This research is a qualitative research since it does not use any statistical procedures. As the nature of the data, qualitative research is a type of research producing findings without any statistical procedures. 26 The data collected is not in the form of numbers, but words.
The data source in this research is Nurul Taufik's vlog. 27 Using 14 vlogs, the researchers explore vlogs with Jami'ah theme since it helps readers in mastering Arabic vocabulary in the Jami'ah environment. These data belong to qualitative data since they contain information from a small number of individuals. 28 Furthermore, the qualitative data chosen belong to audiovisual materials 29 since it contains sounds which help researcher in understanding the research. 30 In this research, the researchers did some stages that are explained further in the following description, a. Collecting data In collecting the data, the writer implemented listening method wih simak bebas libat cakap (SBLC) technique. SBLC is a technique in which the researcher does not directly involved in the conversation, but the researcher observe the conversation fully. 31 In this stage, the researchers did several steps. At first, the researchers observe the vlogs and classifying it based on the theme. The classification made the researcher easier in choosing the vlogs with campus-themed or Jāmi'ah. After getting the vlogs with campusthemed or Jāmi'ah, the researchers listened several times and transcribed the vlogs by themselves simultaneously. By transcribing the vlogs, it is expected that the researcher could get flow of information contained on the vlogs.
After the transcription is complete, the researchers read the transcript one by one several times and highlight the code-mixing and code-switching found in the text. After finding the code-mixing and code-switching in the text, the researchers did the next step, analysis. The analysis step is explained further in the following description. b. Analysing data The method used to analyze the data is metode padan. According to Sudaryanto, metode padan is a method whose determinants are external and independent of the language (langue) in question. Metode padan can be divided into five sub-types based on the type of determinant. 32 The five sub-types are referential method, phonetic-articulatory method, translational method, ortographic method, and pragmatic method. 33 Metode padan used in this study is the translational, and pragmatic method.
The translational sub-type of metode padan used another language as determining tool. There are several steps taken in analyzing data in this study. The first step is marking utterances that includes code switching and code mixing in a conversation. The next step is describing the utterances according to the context of the conversation. In the next step, the researcher will analyze the utterances according to the research problem. The researcher will then identify and group the data that has been given context and categorized based on whether the data belongs to words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

c. Presentation of Data Analysis Results in Report Form
The result of this study is presented in informal method. The informal method is a presentation formulated in ordinary words, mixed with technical terms. This study uses informal method with descriptive techniques, so that data obtained from analysis of code switching and code mixing can be described in detail through words. 32 Sudaryanto, 15. 33 Sudaryanto,18. 34 Sudaryanto, 17.

DISCUSSION
In linguistic terms, code switching is the use of variations of more than one language in one language event as a strategy to adapt to change of roles or situations. 35 In this study, code switching is restricted to language code switching, namely code switching from Indonesian to Arabic, and from Arabic to Indonesian. The researcher marked Indonesian terms with 'BI' code, and the Arabic terms with 'BA' code.
Code mixing occurs when a speaker mixes two languages or a variety of languages without situations or circumstances that demand the mixing. Code mixing events occur only as a matter of habit and custom followed by the speaker. In this study, code mixing events occur in the form of external code mixing. The findings found in the text are described further on the following explanation.

Code Switching Forms
In this study, there were 20 utterances from Nurul Taufik's 14 vlogs which identified as a code-switching at various levels. These utterances are used in casual vlogs as it only recorded daily life with informal activities. There are 16 BI to BA code switching utterances and 4 BA to BI code-switching utterances. The following is an explanation of the form of code switching in Nurul Taufik's vlog, The researcher will also present a table of the percentage of data that has been obtained in the study Taufik, a vlogger from Indonesia who was attending college in Medina. He was starting the opening for the vlog entitled "baru tau begini suka duka dan cara kuliah di Yaman".
Data 17 above contains a code-switching event that occurred in the words of Speaker 1 when opening his vlog by saying the opening phrases that is often used by Muslims. By marking it in the sentence "Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, Assalamu'alaikum Warrahmatullahi

Wabarakatuh. Alhamdulillah Wassholaatu Wassalam Waala 'Rasulillahi Laa Haula Wa Laa
Quwwata Illah Billahi. Amma Ba'du." Then, Speaker 1 changed the code-switching to Indonesian which was marked by the sentence "segala puji bagi Allah swt yang telah memberikan kita nikmat yang agung yang sekarang kita rasakan. Kita bisa berkumpul di Madinah Munawwarah kotanya Rasulullah saw." The type of code switching that occurred, which is external code switching due to code switching from BA to BI, is the concept of the speech component used in the code switching, because it has the intention in the opening vlog to greet the audience.

Code Mixing Forms in Vlogs
There are several forms of Arabic code mixing in Nurul Taufik's vlog that the researcher obtained from the results of listening, transcribing and identifying the data. The conversational data in this vlog that contains Arabic code mixing is classified as code mixing at the level of words, phrases, baster, repetition of words, expressions or idioms, and clauses.
The form of code mixing at each level has a different amount.
37 Taufik. Based on the text above, it maps out that there are 52 occurences of code-mixing found in the data including Code mixing at the word level with 38 occurences (73%), Code mixing at the phrase level with 9 occurences (17%), and Code mixing at the baster level with 2 occurences (4%). Furthermore, for Code mixing at the word repetition level, Code mixing at the expression/idiom level, and Code mixing at the clause level are found with 1 occurrence (2%). Each finding of code-mixing is explained further on the following description.
Code mixing at the word level is an event in a conversation where there is an insertion in the form of a word from one language to another. 38 For example, in a conversation using Indonesian, the speaker or speech partner inserts a word of a foreign language or local language. In this study, however, the researcher restricted the analysis to the mixing of Arabic codes in Indonesian, as is the case in the following conversation excerpt from the analysis: In the data 47 the researcher found code mixing at the phrase level. Which has been evidenced by the insertion of a phrase spoken by Speaker 1 ustadz-ustadz dirasat which means "Guru-guru pelajaran". 40 Suandi, Sosiolinguistik. In the data 55, the researcher found code mixing at the word repetition level. Which has been evidenced by the insertion of repetition of words spoken by Speaker 1 ustadzustadz which means "teachers".
The next type is Code mixing at the expression or idiom level. This one relates to a condition when in a conversation there is an insertion from one language to another in the form of an expression or idiom. 46 The researcher obtained fragments of conversations in Nurul Taufik's vlog which included code mixing at the expression or idiom level, as follows: Data 56 (Vlog Nurul Taufik, 22 Jan 2020,00:27:03) 47 P1 : Jadi silahkan itu kesadaran sendiri, kalau seandainya merasa bisa untuk ngikutin pelajaran ya tafadhol, terserah silahkan. Jadi kalau merasa dirinya belum mampu mendingn ikut takhasus di bahasa dulu.
Notes: P1 : Muhammad Fadhilah, a student from Indonesia who was studying for a bachelor's degree at Darul Ulum University, Yemen The code-mixing found in the conversation fragment is a form of code-mixing in expressions or idioms. This is evidenced by the insertion of Arabic expressions in Indonesian sentences. Speaker 1 inserts the expression tafadhol which means "please", the meaning of the speech is that invites others to join language institutions for those who are not able to speak Arabic. 45 Taufik, "Jami'ah." 46 Suandi, Sosiolinguistik.